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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sigint" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Sigint_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sigint (disambiguation)">Sigint (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Intelligence_field" title="Intelligence field">Intelligence field</a><br> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="nobold">and</span> <a href="Intelligence_(information)" title="Intelligence (information)">Intelligence</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phases of Intelligence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Intelligence_cycle" title="Intelligence cycle">Intelligence cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence cycle management</a></li>

<li><a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_analysis" title="Intelligence analysis">Intelligence analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_collection_plan" title="Intelligence collection plan">Intelligence collection plan</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Framework</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Agent_handling" title="Agent handling">Agent handling</a></li>

<li><a href="Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback (intelligence)</a></li>

<li><a href="Clandestine_HUMINT_operational_techniques" title="Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques">Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_espionage" title="History of espionage">History of espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_failure" title="Intelligence failure">Intelligence failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_requirement" title="Intelligence requirement">Intelligence requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_law" title="Intelligence law">Intelligence law</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_studies" title="Intelligence studies">Intelligence studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_sharing" title="Intelligence sharing">Intelligence sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Recruitment_of_spies" title="Recruitment of spies">Recruitment of spies</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_sector_governance_and_reform" title="Security sector governance and reform">Security sector governance and reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_Espionage_doctrine" title="Total Espionage doctrine">Total Espionage doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Areas of Intelligence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Raw_intelligence" title="Raw intelligence">Raw intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="All-source_intelligence" title="All-source intelligence">All-source intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Clandestine_human_intelligence" title="Clandestine human intelligence">Clandestine human intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_intelligence" title="Technical intelligence">Technical intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_threat_intelligence" title="Cyber threat intelligence">Cyber threat intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_intelligence" title="Medical intelligence">Medical intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">Open-source intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Acoustical_intelligence" title="Acoustical intelligence">Acoustical intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_outsourcing" title="Intelligence outsourcing">Intelligence outsourcing</a></li>

<li><a href="Basic_intelligence" title="Basic intelligence">Basic intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_intelligence" title="Strategic intelligence">Strategic intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">Measurement and signature intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications intelligence">Communications intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic intelligence">Electronic intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_instrumentation_signals_intelligence" title="Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence">Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Telemetry_intelligence" title="Telemetry intelligence">Telemetry intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_Intelligence_Officer" title="Air Intelligence Officer">Air intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Naval intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_espionage" title="Cyber espionage">Cyber espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_espionage" title="Nuclear espionage">Nuclear espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexpionage" title="Sexpionage">Sexpionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Tradecraft" title="Tradecraft">Tradecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Corporate sector</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">Industrial espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Marketing_intelligence" title="Marketing intelligence">Marketing intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_intelligence" title="Market intelligence">Market intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial intelligence">Commercial intelligence</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">Intelligence officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Asset_(intelligence)" title="Asset (intelligence)">Asset (intelligence)</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_community_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Intelligence community (disambiguation)">Intelligence community</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_intelligence_agency" title="Private intelligence agency">Private intelligence agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Cover_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Cover (intelligence gathering)">Cover (intelligence gathering)</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (disambiguation)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">Military attaché</a></li>

<li><a href="Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">Mole (espionage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutout_(espionage)" title="Cutout (espionage)">Cutout (espionage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeper_agent" title="Sleeper agent">Sleeper agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Atomic spies</a></li>

<li><a href="Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">Resident spy</a></li>

<li><a href="Espionage_organizations" title="Espionage organizations">Espionage organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Intelligence_literature" title="Intelligence literature">Intelligence literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">Spy fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Spy_Museum" title="International Spy Museum">International Spy Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_library" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA library">CIA library</a></li>

<li><a href="Kryptos" title="Kryptos">Kryptos</a></li>

<li><a href="OSS_Society" title="OSS Society">OSS Society</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_Museum" title="CIA Museum">CIA Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Stasimuseum" title="Stasimuseum">Stasimuseum</a></li>

<li><a href="Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Cold_War_Museum" title="The Cold War Museum">The Cold War Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Intelligence_Summit" title="The Intelligence Summit">The Intelligence Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Spyscape" title="Spyscape">Spyscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Spy_Museum_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy Museum Berlin">Spy Museum Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Spy_Museum_(Tampere)" title="Spy Museum (Tampere)">Spy Museum (Tampere)</a></li>

<li><a href="KGB_Espionage_Museum" title="KGB Espionage Museum">KGB Espionage Museum</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Sentient_(intelligence_analysis_system)" title="Sentient (intelligence analysis system)">Sentient (intelligence analysis system)</a></li>

<li><a href="Concealment_device" title="Concealment device">Concealment device</a></li>

<li><a href="Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinwale" title="Pinwale">Pinwale</a></li>

<li><a href="Microdot" title="Microdot">Microdot</a></li>

<li><a href="Threat_Intelligence_Platform" title="Threat Intelligence Platform">Threat Intelligence Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Thing_(listening_device)" title="The Thing (listening device)">The Thing</a></li>

<li><a href="Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_Environment_for_Analysis_and_Simulations" title="Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations">Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_intelligence_gathering_disciplines" title="List of intelligence gathering disciplines">List of intelligence gathering disciplines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_intelligence_and_espionage%E2%80%93related_awards_and_decorations" title="List of intelligence and espionage–related awards and decorations">List of awards</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_defunct_intelligence_agencies" title="List of defunct intelligence agencies">List of defunct intelligence agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li>

<li><a href="National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disguise" title="Disguise">Disguise</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">Target acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">Criminal investigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Codebreaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Codebreaking">Codebreaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p><b>Signals intelligence</b> (<b>SIGINT</b>) is the act and field of <a href="List_of_intelligence_gathering_disciplines" title="List of intelligence gathering disciplines">intelligence-gathering</a> by interception of <i><a href="Signal" title="Signal">signals</a></i>, whether <a href="Communication" title="Communication">communications</a> between people (<b>communications intelligence</b>—abbreviated to <b>COMINT</b>) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (<b>electronic intelligence</b>—abbreviated to <b>ELINT</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a> and <a href="Sensitive_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive information">sensitive information</a> is usually <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a>, signals intelligence may necessarily involve <a href="Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a> (to decipher the messages). <a href="Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">Traffic analysis</a>—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Signals_intelligence_in_modern_history" title="Signals intelligence in modern history">Signals intelligence in modern history</a></div>

<p>Electronic interceptions appeared as early as 1900, during the <a href="Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a> of 1899–1902. The British <a href="Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had installed wireless sets produced by <a href="Marconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi">Marconi</a> on board their ships in the late 1890s, and the <a href="British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> used some limited wireless signalling. The <a href="Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> captured some wireless sets and used them to make vital transmissions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the British were the only people transmitting at the time, the British did not need special interpretation of the signals that they were.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The birth of signals intelligence in a modern sense dates from the <a href="Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–1905. As the Russian fleet prepared for conflict with Japan in 1904, the British ship <a href="HMS_Diana_(1895)" title="HMS Diana (1895)">HMS <i>Diana</i></a> stationed in the <a href="Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> intercepted Russian naval wireless signals being sent out for the mobilization of the fleet, for the first time in history.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_World_War_I">Development in World War I</h3></div>

<p>Over the course of the <a href="First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, a new method of signals intelligence reached maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia’s failure to properly protect its communications fatally compromised the <a href="Russian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army">Russian Army</a>’s <a href="Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">advance early in World War I</a> and led to their disastrous defeat by the Germans under <a href="Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a> and <a href="Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> at the <a href="Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a>. In 1918, French intercept personnel captured a message written in the new <a href="ADFGVX_cipher" title="ADFGVX cipher">ADFGVX cipher</a>, which was cryptanalyzed by <a href="Georges_Painvin" title="Georges Painvin">Georges Painvin</a>. This gave the Allies advance warning of the German 1918 <a href="German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">Spring Offensive</a>.

</p><p>The British in particular, built up great expertise in the newly emerging field of signals intelligence and codebreaking (synonymous with cryptanalysis). On the declaration of war, Britain cut all German undersea cables.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This forced the Germans to communicate exclusively via either (A) a telegraph line that connected through the British network and thus could be tapped; or (B) through radio which the British could then intercept.<sup id="cite_ref-Beesly_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beesly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rear Admiral <a href="Henry_Oliver" title="Henry Oliver">Henry Oliver</a> appointed <a href="James_Alfred_Ewing" class="mw-redirect" title="James Alfred Ewing">Sir Alfred Ewing</a> to establish an interception and decryption service at the <a href="Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a>; <a href="Room_40" title="Room 40">Room 40</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beesly_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beesly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interception service known as <a href="Y-stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-stations">'Y' service</a>, together with the <a href="General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">post office</a> and <a href="Marconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi">Marconi</a> stations, grew rapidly to the point where the British could intercept almost all official German messages.<sup id="cite_ref-Beesly_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beesly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The German fleet was in the habit each day of wirelessing the exact position of each ship and giving regular position reports when at sea. It was possible to build up a precise picture of the normal operation of the <a href="High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a>, to infer from the routes they chose where defensive minefields had been placed and where it was safe for ships to operate. Whenever a change to the normal pattern was seen, it immediately signalled that some operation was about to take place, and a warning could be given. Detailed information about submarine movements was also available.<sup id="cite_ref-Beesly_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beesly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The use of radio-receiving equipment to pinpoint the location of any single transmitter was also developed during the war. Captain <a href="H.J._Round" class="mw-redirect" title="H.J. Round">H.J. Round</a>, working for <a href="Marconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi">Marconi</a>, began carrying out experiments with <a href="Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">direction-finding</a> radio equipment for <a href="British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">the army in France</a> in 1915. By May 1915, the Admiralty was able to track German submarines crossing the North Sea. Some of these stations also acted as 'Y' stations to collect German messages, but a new section was created within Room 40 to plot the positions of ships from the directional reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Beesly_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beesly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Room 40 played an important role in several naval engagements during the war, notably in detecting major German sorties into the <a href="North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. The <a href="Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)">battle of Dogger Bank</a> was won in no small part due to the intercepts that allowed the Navy to position its ships in the right place.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It played a vital role in subsequent naval clashes, including at the <a href="Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> as the British fleet was sent out to intercept them. The direction-finding capability allowed for the tracking and location of German ships, submarines, and <a href="Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a>. The system was so successful that by the end of the war, over 80 million words, comprising the totality of German wireless transmission over the course of the war, had been intercepted by the operators of the <a href="Y-stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-stations">Y-stations</a> and decrypted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its most astonishing success was in <a href="Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">decrypting</a> the <a href="Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a>, a <a href="Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> from the German Foreign Office sent via Washington to its <a href="Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> <a href="Heinrich_von_Eckardt" title="Heinrich von Eckardt">Heinrich von Eckardt</a> in Mexico.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_consolidation">Postwar consolidation</h3></div>

<p>With the importance of interception and decryption firmly established by the wartime experience, countries established permanent agencies dedicated to this task in the interwar period. In 1919, the British Cabinet's Secret Service Committee, chaired by <a href="Lord_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Curzon">Lord Curzon</a>, recommended that a peace-time codebreaking agency should be created.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" title="Government Code and Cypher School">Government Code and Cypher School</a> (GC&CS) was the first peace-time codebreaking agency, with a public function "to advise as to the security of codes and cyphers used by all Government departments and to assist in their provision", but also with a secret directive to "study the methods of cypher communications used by foreign powers".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GC&CS officially formed on 1 November 1919, and produced its first decrypt on 19 October.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1940, GC&CS was working on the diplomatic codes and ciphers of 26 countries, tackling over 150 diplomatic cryptosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Black_Chamber" title="Black Chamber">US Cipher Bureau</a> was established in 1919 and achieved some success at the <a href="Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> in 1921, through cryptanalysis by <a href="Herbert_Yardley" title="Herbert Yardley">Herbert Yardley</a>. Secretary of War <a href="Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> closed the US Cipher Bureau in 1929 with the words "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div>

<p>The use of SIGINT had even greater implications during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The combined effort of intercepts and cryptanalysis for the whole of the British forces in World War II came under the code name "<a href="Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>", managed from <a href="Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" title="Government Code and Cypher School">Government Code and Cypher School</a> at <a href="Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>. Properly used, the German <a href="Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a> and <a href="Lorenz_cipher" title="Lorenz cipher">Lorenz ciphers</a> should have been virtually unbreakable, but flaws in German cryptographic procedures, and poor discipline among the personnel carrying them out, created vulnerabilities which made Bletchley's attacks feasible.

</p><p>Bletchley's work was essential to defeating the <a href="U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> in the <a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, and to the British naval victories in the <a href="Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a> and the <a href="Battle_of_North_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of North Cape">Battle of North Cape</a>. In 1941, Ultra exerted a powerful effect on the <a href="North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African desert campaign</a> against German forces under General <a href="Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>. General Sir <a href="Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</a> wrote that were it not for Ultra, "Rommel would have certainly got through to Cairo". Ultra decrypts featured prominently in the story of <a href="Operation_Salam" title="Operation Salam">Operation SALAM</a>, <a href="L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Alm%C3%A1sy" title="László Almásy">László Almásy</a>'s mission across <a href="Western_Desert_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert (Egypt)">the desert</a> behind Allied lines in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the <a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> on D-Day in June 1944, the Allies knew the locations of all but two of Germany's fifty-eight <a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> divisions.

</p><p><a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was reported to have told King <a href="George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>: "It is thanks to the secret weapon of General <a href="Stewart_Menzies" title="Stewart Menzies">Menzies</a>, put into use on all the fronts, that we won the war!" Supreme Allied Commander, <a href="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, at the end of the war, described Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official historian of British Intelligence in World War II <a href="Harry_Hinsley" title="Harry Hinsley">Sir Harry Hinsley</a> argued that Ultra shortened the war "by not less than two years and probably by four years"; and that, in the absence of Ultra, it is uncertain how the war would have ended.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At a lower level, German cryptanalysis, direction finding, and traffic analysis were vital to Rommel's early successes in the <a href="Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a> until British forces tightened their communications discipline and Australian raiders destroyed his principal SIGINT Company.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_definitions">Technical definitions</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> has defined the term "signals intelligence" as:

</p>

<ol><li>A category of intelligence comprising either individually or in combination all communications intelligence (COMINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT), and <a href="Foreign_instrumentation_signals_intelligence" title="Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence">foreign instrumentation signals intelligence</a> (FISINT), however transmitted.</li>

<li>Intelligence derived from communications, electronic, and foreign instrumentation signals.<sup id="cite_ref-JP1-02_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP1-02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>

<p>Being a broad field, SIGINT has many sub-disciplines. The two main ones are communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disciplines_shared_across_the_branches">Disciplines shared across the branches</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting">Targeting</h3></div>

<p>A collection system has to know to look for a particular signal. "System", in this context, has several nuances. Targeting is the process of developing <i>collection requirements</i>:

</p>

<dl><dd>"1. An intelligence need considered in the allocation of intelligence resources. Within the Department of Defense, these collection requirements fulfill the <a href="Essential_elements_of_information" title="Essential elements of information">essential elements of information</a> and other intelligence needs of a commander, or an agency.</dd>

<dd>"2. An established intelligence need, validated against the appropriate allocation of intelligence resources (as a requirement) to fulfill the essential elements of information and other intelligence needs of an intelligence consumer."<sup id="cite_ref-JP1-02_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP1-02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Need_for_multiple,_coordinated_receivers">Need for multiple, coordinated receivers</h3></div>

<p>First, atmospheric conditions, <a href="Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspots</a>, the target's transmission schedule and antenna characteristics, and other factors create uncertainty that a given signal intercept sensor will be able to "hear" the signal of interest, even with a geographically fixed target and an opponent making no attempt to evade interception. Basic countermeasures against interception include frequent changing of <a href="Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a>, <a href="Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a>, and other transmission characteristics. An intercept aircraft could not get off the ground if it had to carry antennas and receivers for every possible frequency and signal type to deal with such countermeasures.

</p><p>Second, locating the transmitter's position is usually part of SIGINT. <a href="Triangulation" title="Triangulation">Triangulation</a> and more sophisticated <a href="Radiolocation" title="Radiolocation">radio location</a> techniques, such as <a href="Time_of_arrival" title="Time of arrival">time of arrival</a> methods, require multiple receiving points at different locations. These receivers send location-relevant information to a central point, or perhaps to a distributed system in which all participate, such that the information can be correlated and a location computed.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercept_management">Intercept management</h3></div>

<p>Modern SIGINT systems, therefore, have substantial communications among intercept platforms. Even if some platforms are clandestine, there is still a broadcast of information telling them where and how to look for signals.<sup id="cite_ref-FAS-PSTS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAS-PSTS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A United States targeting system under development in the late 1990s, PSTS, constantly sends out information that helps the interceptors properly aim their antennas and tune their receivers. Larger intercept aircraft, such as the <a href="Lockheed_EP-3" title="Lockheed EP-3">EP-3</a> or <a href="RC-135" class="mw-redirect" title="RC-135">RC-135</a>, have the on-board capability to do some target analysis and planning, but others, such as the <a href="Beechcraft_RC-12_Guardrail" title="Beechcraft RC-12 Guardrail">RC-12 GUARDRAIL</a>, are completely under ground direction. GUARDRAIL aircraft are fairly small and usually work in units of three to cover a tactical SIGINT requirement, whereas the larger aircraft tend to be assigned strategic/national missions.

</p><p>Before the detailed process of targeting begins, someone has to decide there is a value in collecting information about something. While it would be possible to direct signals intelligence collection at a major sports event, the systems would capture a great deal of noise, news signals, and perhaps announcements in the stadium. If, however, an anti-terrorist organization believed that a small group would be trying to coordinate their efforts using short-range unlicensed radios at the event, SIGINT targeting of radios of that type would be reasonable. Targeting would not know where in the stadium the radios might be located or the exact frequency they are using; those are the functions of subsequent steps such as signal detection and direction finding.

</p><p>Once the decision to target is made, the various interception points need to cooperate, since resources are limited.

</p><p>Knowing what interception equipment to use becomes easier when a target country buys its radars and radios from known manufacturers, or is given them as <a href="Military_aid" title="Military aid">military aid</a>. National intelligence services keep libraries of devices manufactured by their own country and others, and then use a variety of techniques to learn what equipment is acquired by a given country.

</p><p>Knowledge of <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic engineering</a> further narrows the problem of what types of equipment might be in use. An intelligence aircraft flying well outside the borders of another country will listen for long-range search radars, not short-range fire control radars that would be used by a mobile air defense. Soldiers scouting the front lines of another army know that the other side will be using radios that must be portable and not have huge antennas.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal_detection">Signal detection</h3></div>

<p>Even if a signal is human communications (e.g., a radio), the intelligence collection specialists have to know it exists. If the targeting function described above learns that a country has a radar that operates in a certain frequency range, the first step is to use a sensitive receiver, with one or more antennas that listen in every direction, to find an area where such a radar is operating. Once the radar is known to be in the area, the next step is to find its location.

</p>

<p>If operators know the probable frequencies of transmissions of interest, they may use a set of receivers, preset to the frequencies of interest. These are the frequency (horizontal axis) versus power (vertical axis) produced at the transmitter, before any filtering of signals that do not add to the information being transmitted. Received energy on a particular frequency may start a recorder, and alert a human to listen to the signals if they are intelligible (i.e., COMINT). If the frequency is not known, the operators may look for power on primary or <a href="Sideband" title="Sideband">sideband</a> frequencies using a <a href="Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">spectrum analyzer</a>. Information from the spectrum analyzer is then used to tune receivers to signals of interest. For example, in this simplified spectrum, the actual information is at 800 kHz and 1.2 MHz.

</p>

<p>Real-world transmitters and receivers usually are directional. In the figure to the left, assume that each display is connected to a spectrum analyzer connected to a directional antenna aimed in the indicated direction.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Countermeasures_to_interception">Countermeasures to interception</h4></div>

<p>Spread-spectrum communications is an <a href="Electronic_counter-countermeasure" title="Electronic counter-countermeasure">electronic counter-countermeasures</a> (ECCM) technique to defeat looking for particular frequencies. Spectrum analysis can be used in a different ECCM way to identify frequencies not being jammed or not in use.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direction-finding">Direction-finding</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">Direction finding</a></div>

<p>The earliest, and still common, means of direction finding is to use directional antennas as <a href="Goniometer" title="Goniometer">goniometers</a>, so that a line can be drawn from the receiver through the position of the signal of interest. (See <a href="HF/DF" class="mw-redirect" title="HF/DF">HF/DF</a>.) Knowing the compass bearing, from a single point, to the transmitter does not locate it. Where the bearings from multiple points, using goniometry, are plotted on a map, the transmitter will be located at the point where the bearings intersect. This is the simplest case; a target may try to confuse listeners by having multiple transmitters, giving the same signal from different locations, switching on and off in a pattern known to their user but apparently random to the listener.

</p><p>Individual directional antennas have to be manually or automatically turned to find the signal direction, which may be too slow when the signal is of short duration. One alternative is the <a href="Wullenweber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wullenweber">Wullenweber</a> array technique. In this method, several concentric rings of antenna elements simultaneously receive the signal, so that the best bearing will ideally be clearly on a single antenna or a small set. Wullenweber arrays for high-frequency signals are enormous, referred to as "elephant cages" by their users.

</p><p>A more advance approach is <a href="Amplitude-comparison_monopulse" title="Amplitude-comparison monopulse">Amplitude comparison</a>. An alternative to tunable directional antennas or large omnidirectional arrays such as the Wullenweber is to measure the <a href="Time_of_arrival" title="Time of arrival">time of arrival</a> of the signal at multiple points, using <a href="GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> or a similar method to have precise time synchronization. Receivers can be on ground stations, ships, aircraft, or satellites, giving great flexibility.

</p><p>A more accurate approach is <a href="Interferometry" title="Interferometry">Interferometer.</a>

</p><p>Modern <a href="Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">anti-radiation missiles</a> can home in on and attack transmitters; military antennas are rarely a safe distance from the user of the transmitter.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_analysis">Traffic analysis</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">Traffic analysis</a></div>

<p>When locations are known, usage patterns may emerge, from which inferences may be drawn. Traffic analysis is the discipline of drawing patterns from information flow among a set of senders and receivers, whether those senders and receivers are designated by location determined through <a href="Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">direction finding</a>, by addressee and sender identifications in the message, or even <a href="MASINT" class="mw-redirect" title="MASINT">MASINT</a> techniques for "fingerprinting" transmitters or operators. Message content other than the sender and receiver is not necessary to do traffic analysis, although more information can be helpful.

</p><p>For example, if a certain type of radio is known to be used only by tank units, even if the position is not precisely determined by direction finding, it may be assumed that a tank unit is in the general area of the signal. The owner of the transmitter can assume someone is listening, so might set up tank radios in an area where he wants the other side to believe he has actual tanks. As part of <a href="Operation_Quicksilver_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Quicksilver (WWII)">Operation Quicksilver</a>, part of the <a href="Deception" title="Deception">deception</a> plan for the invasion of Europe at the <a href="Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a>, radio transmissions simulated the headquarters and subordinate units of the fictitious <a href="First_United_States_Army_Group" title="First United States Army Group">First United States Army Group</a> (FUSAG), commanded by <a href="George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, to make the German defense think that the main invasion was to come at another location. In like manner, fake radio transmissions from Japanese aircraft carriers, before the <a href="Battle_of_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pearl Harbor">Battle of Pearl Harbor</a>, were made from Japanese local waters, while the attacking ships moved under strict radio silence.

</p><p>Traffic analysis need not focus on human communications. For example, a sequence of a radar signal, followed by an exchange of targeting data and a confirmation, followed by observation of artillery fire, may identify an automated <a href="Counterbattery_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterbattery fire">counterbattery fire</a> system. A radio signal that triggers navigational beacons could be a radio landing aid for an airstrip or helicopter pad that is intended to be low-profile.

</p><p>Patterns do emerge. A radio signal with certain characteristics, originating from a fixed headquarters, may strongly suggest that a particular unit will soon move out of its regular base. The contents of the message need not be known to infer the movement.

</p><p>There is an art as well as science of traffic analysis. Expert analysts develop a sense for what is real and what is deceptive. Harry Kidder,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, was one of the star cryptanalysts of World War II, a star hidden behind the secret curtain of SIGINT.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_order_of_battle">Electronic order of battle</h3></div>

<p>Generating an <b>electronic order of battle</b> (EOB) requires identifying SIGINT emitters in an area of interest, determining their geographic location or range of mobility, characterizing their signals, and, where possible, determining their role in the broader organizational <a href="Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">order of battle</a>. EOB covers both COMINT and ELINT.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> maintains an EOB by location. The Joint Spectrum Center (JSC) of the <a href="Defense_Information_Systems_Agency" title="Defense Information Systems Agency">Defense Information Systems Agency</a> supplements this location database with five more technical databases:

</p>

<dl><dd><ol><li>FRRS: Frequency Resource Record System</li>

<li>BEI: Background Environment Information</li>

<li>SCS: Spectrum Certification System</li>

<li>EC/S: Equipment Characteristics/Space</li>

<li>TACDB: platform lists, sorted by nomenclature, which contain links to the C-E equipment complement of each platform, with links to the parametric data for each piece of equipment, military unit lists and their subordinate units with equipment used by each unit.</li></ol></dd></dl>

<p>For example, several voice transmitters might be identified as the command net (i.e., top commander and direct reports) in a tank battalion or tank-heavy task force. Another set of transmitters might identify the logistic net for that same unit. An inventory of ELINT sources might identify the <a href="Radar_MASINT#AN/TPQ-36_and_−37_counterartillery_radars" title="Radar MASINT">medium</a>- and <a href="Radar_MASINT#AN/TPQ-37" title="Radar MASINT">long-range</a> counter-artillery radars in a given area.

</p><p>Signals intelligence units will identify changes in the EOB, which might indicate enemy unit movement, changes in command relationships, and increases or decreases in capability.

</p><p>Using the COMINT gathering method enables the intelligence officer to produce an electronic order of battle by traffic analysis and content analysis among several enemy units. For example, if the following messages were intercepted:

</p>

<dl><dd><ol><li>U1 to U2, requesting permission to proceed to checkpoint X.</li>

<li>U2 to U1, approved. please report at arrival.</li>

<li>(20 minutes later) U1 to U2, all vehicles have arrived to checkpoint X.</li></ol></dd></dl>

<p>This sequence shows that there are two units in the battlefield, unit 1 is mobile, while unit 2 is in a higher hierarchical level, perhaps a command post. One can also understand that unit 1 moved from one point to another which are distant from each 20 minutes with a vehicle. If these are regular reports over a period of time, they might reveal a patrol pattern. Direction-finding and <a href="Radiofrequency_MASINT" title="Radiofrequency MASINT">radio frequency MASINT</a> could help confirm that the traffic is not deception.

</p><p>The EOB buildup process is divided as following:

</p>

<dl><dd><ul><li>Signal separation</li>

<li>Measurements optimization</li>

<li>Data fusion</li>

<li>Networks build-up</li></ul></dd></dl>

<p>Separation of the intercepted spectrum and the signals intercepted from each sensor must take place in an extremely small period of time, in order to separate the different signals to different transmitters in the battlefield. The complexity of the separation process depends on the complexity of the transmission methods (e.g., <a href="Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">hopping</a> or <a href="Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA)).

</p><p>By gathering and clustering data from each sensor, the measurements of the direction of signals can be optimized and get much more accurate than the basic measurements of a standard <a href="Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">direction finding</a> sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-Kessler_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessler-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By calculating larger samples of the sensor's output data in near real-time, together with historical information of signals, better results are achieved.

</p><p>Data fusion correlates data samples from different frequencies from the same sensor, "same" being confirmed by direction finding or radiofrequency MASINT. If an emitter is mobile, direction finding, other than discovering a repetitive pattern of movement, is of limited value in determining if a sensor is unique. MASINT then becomes more informative, as individual transmitters and antennas may have unique side lobes, unintentional radiation, pulse timing, etc.

</p><p><b>Network build-up</b>, or analysis of emitters (communication transmitters) in a target region over a sufficient period of time, enables creation of the communications flows of a battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications_intelligence">Communications intelligence</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"COMINT" redirects here. For the The Americans episode, see <a href="COMINT_(The_Americans)" title="COMINT (The Americans)">COMINT (The Americans)</a>.</div>

<p>COMINT (<b>com</b>munications <b>int</b>elligence) is a sub-category of signals intelligence that engages in dealing with messages or voice information derived from the interception of foreign communications. COMINT is commonly referred to as SIGINT, which can cause confusion when talking about the broader intelligence disciplines. The US <a href="Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> defines it as "Technical information and intelligence derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients".<sup id="cite_ref-JP1-02_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP1-02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>COMINT, which is defined to be communications among people, will reveal some or all of the following:

</p>

<ol><li>Who is transmitting</li>

<li>Where they are located, and, if the transmitter is moving, the report may give a plot of the signal against location</li>

<li>If known, the organizational function of the transmitter</li>

<li>The time and duration of transmission, and the schedule if it is a periodic transmission</li>

<li>The frequencies and other technical characteristics of their transmission</li>

<li>If the transmission is encrypted or not, and if it can be decrypted. If it is possible to intercept either an originally transmitted cleartext or obtain it through cryptanalysis, the language of the communication and a translation (when needed).</li>

<li>The addresses, if the signal is not a general broadcast and if addresses are retrievable from the message. These stations may also be COMINT (e.g., a confirmation of the message or a response message), ELINT (e.g., a navigation beacon being activated) or both. Rather than, or in addition to, an address or other identifier, there may be information on the location and signal characteristics of the responder.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice_interception">Voice interception</h3></div>

<p>A basic COMINT technique is to listen for voice communications, usually over radio but possibly "leaking" from telephones or from wiretaps. If the voice communications are encrypted, traffic analysis may still give information.

</p><p>In the Second World War, for security the United States used Native American volunteer communicators known as <a href="Code_talker" title="Code talker">code talkers</a>, who used languages such as <a href="Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, <a href="Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> and <a href="Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, which would be understood by few people, even in the U.S. Even within these uncommon languages, the code talkers used specialized codes, so a "butterfly" might be a specific Japanese aircraft. British forces made limited use of <a href="Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> speakers for the same reason.

</p><p>While modern electronic encryption does away with the need for armies to use obscure languages, it is likely that some groups might use rare dialects that few outside their ethnic group would understand.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_interception">Text interception</h3></div>

<p>Morse code interception was once very important, but <a href="Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> telegraphy is now obsolete in the western world, although possibly used by special operations forces. Such forces, however, now have portable cryptographic equipment.

</p><p>Specialists scan radio frequencies for character sequences (e.g., electronic mail) and fax.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signaling_channel_interception">Signaling channel interception</h3></div>

<p>A given digital communications link can carry thousands or millions of voice communications, especially in developed countries. Without addressing the legality of such actions, the problem of identifying which channel contains which conversation becomes much simpler when the first thing intercepted is the <i>signaling channel</i> that carries information to set up telephone calls. In civilian and many military use, this channel will carry messages in <a href="Signaling_System_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling System 7">Signaling System 7</a> protocols.

</p><p>Retrospective analysis of telephone calls can be made from <a href="Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a> (CDR) used for billing the calls.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_friendly_communications">Monitoring friendly communications</h3></div>

<p>More a part of <a href="Communications_security" title="Communications security">communications security</a> than true intelligence collection, SIGINT units still may have the responsibility of monitoring one's own communications or other electronic emissions, to avoid providing intelligence to the enemy. For example, a security monitor may hear an individual transmitting inappropriate information over an unencrypted radio network, or simply one that is not authorized for the type of information being given. If immediately calling attention to the violation would not create an even greater security risk, the monitor will call out one of the BEADWINDOW codes<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other nations working under their procedures. Standard BEADWINDOW codes (e.g., "BEADWINDOW 2") include:

</p>

<ol><li><b>Position:</b> (e.g., disclosing, in an insecure or inappropriate way), "Friendly or enemy position, movement or intended movement, position, course, speed, altitude or destination or any air, sea or ground element, unit or force."</li>

<li><b>Capabilities:</b> "Friendly or enemy capabilities or limitations. Force compositions or significant casualties to special equipment, weapons systems, sensors, units or personnel. Percentages of fuel or ammunition remaining."</li>

<li><b>Operations:</b> "Friendly or enemy operation – intentions progress, or results. Operational or logistic intentions; mission participants flying programmes; mission situation reports; results of friendly or enemy operations; assault objectives."</li>

<li><b>Electronic warfare (EW):</b> "Friendly or enemy electronic warfare (EW) or emanations control (EMCON) intentions, progress, or results. Intention to employ electronic countermeasures (ECM); results of friendly or enemy ECM; ECM objectives; results of friendly or enemy electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM); results of electronic support measures/tactical SIGINT (ESM); present or intended EMCON policy; equipment affected by EMCON policy."</li>

<li><b>Friendly or enemy key personnel:</b> "Movement or identity of friendly or enemy officers, visitors, commanders; movement of key maintenance personnel indicating equipment limitations."</li>

<li><b><a href="Communications_security" title="Communications security">Communications security</a> (COMSEC):</b> "Friendly or enemy COMSEC breaches. Linkage of codes or codewords with plain language; compromise of changing frequencies or linkage with line number/circuit designators; linkage of changing call signs with previous call signs or units; compromise of encrypted/classified call signs; incorrect authentication procedure."</li>

<li><b>Wrong circuit:</b> "Inappropriate transmission. Information requested, transmitted or about to be transmitted which should not be passed on the subject circuit because it either requires greater security protection or it is not appropriate to the purpose for which the circuit is provided."</li>

<li>Other codes as appropriate for the situation may be defined by the commander.</li></ol>

<p>In WWII, for example, the Japanese Navy, by poor practice, identified a key person's movement over a low-security cryptosystem. This made possible <a href="Operation_Vengeance" title="Operation Vengeance">Operation Vengeance</a>, the interception and death of the Combined Fleet commander, Admiral <a href="Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a>.

</p><p>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronic_signals_intelligence">Electronic signals intelligence</h2></div>

<p>Electronic signals intelligence (ELINT) refers to <a href="List_of_intelligence_gathering_disciplines" title="List of intelligence gathering disciplines">intelligence-gathering</a> by use of electronic sensors. Its primary focus lies on <a href="Non-communications_signals" title="Non-communications signals">non-communications signals</a> intelligence. The Joint Chiefs of Staff define it as "Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign noncommunications electromagnetic radiations emanating from sources other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources."<sup id="cite_ref-JP1-02_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP1-02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Signal identification is performed by analyzing the collected parameters of a specific signal, and either matching it to known criteria, or recording it as a possible new emitter. ELINT data are usually highly classified, and are protected as such.

</p><p>The data gathered are typically pertinent to the electronics of an opponent's defense network, especially the electronic parts such as <a href="Radar" title="Radar">radars</a>, <a href="Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a> systems, aircraft, etc. ELINT can be used to detect ships and aircraft by their radar and other electromagnetic radiation; commanders have to make choices between not using radar (<a href="EMCON" class="mw-redirect" title="EMCON">EMCON</a>), intermittently using it, or using it and expecting to avoid defenses. ELINT can be collected from ground stations near the opponent's territory, ships off their coast, aircraft near or in their airspace, or by satellite.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary_relationship_to_COMINT">Complementary relationship to COMINT</h3></div>

<p>Combining other sources of information and ELINT allows traffic analysis to be performed on electronic emissions which contain human encoded messages. The method of analysis differs from SIGINT in that any human encoded message which is in the electronic transmission is not analyzed during ELINT. What is of interest is the type of electronic transmission and its location. For example, during the <a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> in <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> COMINT was not always available because <a href="Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> was not always able to read the <a href="U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> <a href="Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a> traffic. But <a href="High-frequency_direction_finding" title="High-frequency direction finding">high-frequency direction finding</a> ("huff-duff") was still able to detect U-boats by analysis of radio transmissions and the positions through triangulation from the direction located by two or more huff-duff systems. The <a href="Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a> was able to use this information to plot courses which took convoys away from high concentrations of U-boats.

</p><p>Other ELINT disciplines include intercepting and analyzing enemy weapons control signals, or the <a href="Identification%2C_friend_or_foe" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification, friend or foe">identification, friend or foe</a> responses from transponders in aircraft used to distinguish enemy craft from friendly ones.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_air_warfare">Role in air warfare</h3></div>

<p>A very common area of ELINT is intercepting radars and learning their locations and operating procedures. Attacking forces may be able to avoid the coverage of certain radars, or, knowing their characteristics, <a href="Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> units may jam radars or send them deceptive signals. Confusing a radar electronically is called a "soft kill", but military units will also send specialized missiles at radars, or bomb them, to get a "hard kill". Some modern air-to-air missiles also have radar homing guidance systems, particularly for use against large airborne radars.

</p><p>Knowing where each surface-to-air missile and <a href="Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a> system is and its type means that air raids can be plotted to avoid the most heavily defended areas and to fly on a flight profile which will give the aircraft the best chance of evading ground fire and fighter patrols. It also allows for the <a href="Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">jamming</a> or <a href="Spoofing_attack" title="Spoofing attack">spoofing</a> of the enemy's defense network (see <a href="Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a>). Good electronic intelligence can be very important to stealth operations; <a href="Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth aircraft</a> are not totally undetectable and need to know which areas to avoid. Similarly, conventional aircraft need to know where fixed or semi-mobile <a href="Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">air defense</a> systems are so that they can shut them down or fly around them.

</p><p>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ELINT_and_ESM">ELINT and ESM</h3></div>

<p><b>Electronic support measures (ESM)</b> or <b>electronic surveillance measures</b> are ELINT techniques using various <i>electronic surveillance systems</i>, but the term is used in the specific context of tactical warfare. ESM give the information needed for <b>electronic attack (EA)</b> such as jamming, or directional bearings (compass angle) to a target in <i>signals intercept</i> such as in the <a href="High-frequency_direction_finding" title="High-frequency direction finding">huff-duff</a> radio direction finding (RDF) systems so critically important during the World War II <a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. After WWII, the RDF, originally applied only in communications, was broadened into systems to also take in ELINT from radar bandwidths and lower frequency communications systems, giving birth to a family of NATO ESM systems, such as the shipboard US AN/WLR-1<sup id="cite_ref-WLR-1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLR-1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—<a href="AN/SLQ-32_Electronic_Warfare_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="AN/SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite">AN/WLR-6</a> systems and comparable airborne units. EA is also called <b>electronic counter-measures (ECM)</b>. ESM provides information needed for <b>electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM)</b>, such as understanding a spoofing or jamming mode so one can change one's radar characteristics to avoid them.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ELINT_for_meaconing">ELINT for meaconing</h3></div>

<p><a href="Meaconing" title="Meaconing">Meaconing</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the combined intelligence and electronic warfare of learning the characteristics of enemy navigation aids, such as radio beacons, and retransmitting them with incorrect information.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_instrumentation_signals_intelligence">Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Foreign_instrumentation_signals_intelligence" title="Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence">Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence</a></div>

<p>FISINT (<a href="Foreign_instrumentation_signals_intelligence" title="Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence">Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence</a>) is a sub-category of SIGINT, monitoring primarily non-human communication. Foreign instrumentation signals include (but not limited to) <a href="Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> (TELINT), tracking systems, and video data links. TELINT is an important part of <a href="National_means_of_technical_verification" class="mw-redirect" title="National means of technical verification">national means of technical verification</a> for arms control.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-ELINT">Counter-ELINT</h3></div>

<p>Still at the research level are techniques that can only be described as <a href="MASINT" class="mw-redirect" title="MASINT">counter-ELINT</a>, which would be part of a <a href="SEAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SEAD">SEAD</a> campaign. It may be informative to compare and contrast counter-ELINT with <a href="Electronic_counter-countermeasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic counter-countermeasures">ECCM</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SIGINT_and_MASINT_comparison">SIGINT and MASINT comparison</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">Measurement and signature intelligence</a></div>

<p>Signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) are closely, and sometimes confusingly, related.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The signals intelligence disciplines of communications and electronic intelligence focus on the information in those signals themselves, as with COMINT detecting the speech in a voice communication or ELINT measuring the <a href="Radar_signal_characteristics" title="Radar signal characteristics">frequency, pulse repetition rate, and other characteristics</a> of a radar.

</p><p>MASINT also works with collected signals, but is more of an analysis discipline. There are, however, unique MASINT sensors, typically working in different regions or domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared or magnetic fields. While NSA and other agencies have MASINT groups, the Central MASINT Office is in the <a href="Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (DIA).

</p><p>Where COMINT and ELINT focus on the intentionally transmitted part of the signal, MASINT focuses on unintentionally transmitted information. For example, a given radar antenna will have <a href="Sidelobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelobe">sidelobes</a> emanating from a direction other than that in which the main antenna is aimed. The RADINT (radar intelligence) discipline involves learning to recognize a radar both by its primary signal, captured by ELINT, and its sidelobes, perhaps captured by the main ELINT sensor, or, more likely, a sensor aimed at the sides of the radio antenna.

</p><p>MASINT associated with COMINT might involve the detection of common background sounds expected with human voice communications. For example, if a given radio signal comes from a radio used in a tank, if the interceptor does not hear engine noise or higher voice frequency than the voice <a href="Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a> usually uses, even though the voice conversation is meaningful, MASINT might suggest it is a deception, not coming from a real tank.

</p><p>See <a href="HF/DF" class="mw-redirect" title="HF/DF">HF/DF</a> for a discussion of SIGINT-captured information with a MASINT flavor, such as determining the frequency to which a <i>receiver</i> is tuned, from detecting the frequency of the <a href="Beat_frequency_oscillator" title="Beat frequency oscillator">beat frequency oscillator</a> of the <a href="Superheterodyne_receiver" title="Superheterodyne receiver">superheterodyne receiver</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2></div>

<p>Since the invention of the radio, the international consensus has been that the radio-waves are no one's property, and thus the interception itself is not illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There can, however, be national laws on who is allowed to collect, store, and process radio traffic, and for what purposes. Monitoring traffic in cables (i.e. telephone and Internet) is far more controversial, since it most of the time requires physical access to the cable and thereby violating ownership and expected privacy.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Central_Intelligence_Agency_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology">Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li>

<li><a href="ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008</a></li>

<li><a href="Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_intelligence_(espionage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human intelligence (espionage)">Human intelligence (espionage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_Branch_(Canadian_Forces)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Branch (Canadian Forces)">Intelligence Branch (Canadian Forces)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_intelligence_gathering_disciplines" title="List of intelligence gathering disciplines">List of intelligence gathering disciplines</a></li>

<li><a href="Listening_station" title="Listening station">Listening station</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">Open-source intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Reconnaissance_Platoon" title="Radio Reconnaissance Platoon">Radio Reconnaissance Platoon</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">RAF Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentient_(intelligence_analysis_system)" title="Sentient (intelligence analysis system)">Sentient (intelligence analysis system)</a></li>

<li><a href="Signals_intelligence_by_alliances%2C_nations_and_industries" title="Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries">Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries</a></li>

<li><a href="Signals_intelligence_operational_platforms_by_nation" title="Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation">Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation</a> for current collection systems</li>

<li><a href="Tempest_(codename)" title="Tempest (codename)">TEMPEST</a></li>

<li><a href="US_signals_intelligence_in_the_Cold_War" title="US signals intelligence in the Cold War">US signals intelligence in the Cold War</a></li>

<li><a href="Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona</a></li>

<li><a href="Zircon_(satellite)" title="Zircon (satellite)">Zircon satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulkan_files_leak" title="Vulkan files leak">Vulkan files leak</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/Signals-Intelligence/Overview/">"Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Overview"</a>. <i>nsa.gov</i>. HOME > SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE > OVERVIEW<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>National Security Agency/Central Security Service > Signals Intelligence > Overview</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Chapman, J.W.M. (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26014122">"British Use of 'Dirty Tricks' in External Policy Prior to 1914"</a></span>. <i>War in History</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>81. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0968344502wh244oa">10.1191/0968344502wh244oa</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-3445">0968-3445</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26014122">26014122</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159777408">159777408</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Lee-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Bartholomew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227075207/http://www.trft.org/TRFTPix/spies9eR2006.pdf">"Radio Spies – Episodes in the Ether Wars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trft.org/TRFTPix/spies9eR2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2007</span>. <q>As early as 1900 in the Boer War, the Royal Navy in South Africa appears to have used wireless sets inherited from the Royal Engineers to signal from the neutral port of Lourenco Marques 'information relative to the enemy' albeit in violation of international law. [...] This first use of radio for intelligence purposes depended, of course, on the inability of others to intercept the signals, but in 1900, only the British in that part of the world had any wireless capability.</q></cite></span>

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<i>Report from HMS Diana on Russian Signals intercepted at Suez</i>, 28 January 1904, Naval library, Ministry of Defence, London.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2009" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, Jonathan Reed (July 2009). "Information Warfare in World War I". <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>73</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">845–</span>867. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.0.0324">10.1353/jmh.0.0324</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201749182">201749182</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Beesly-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beesly_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beesly_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beesly_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beesly_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beesly_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeesly1982" class="citation book cs1">Beesly, Patrick (1982). <i>Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918</i>. Long Acre, London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-241-10864-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livesey, Anthony, Historical Atlas of World War One, Holt; New York, 1994 p. 64</span>

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<li id="cite_note-johnson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1997" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, John (1997). <i>The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939</i>. HMSO. p. 44. <a href="ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002ALSXTC">B002ALSXTC</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael (2001). "GC&CS and the First Cold War". In Smith, Michael; Erskine, Ralph (eds.). <i>Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth of the Modern Computer</i>. Bantam Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-593-04910-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2011" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Paul (2011). <i>Inside Room 40: The Codebreakers of World War I</i>. Ian Allan Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7110-3408-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Alvarez, GC&CS and American Diplomatic Cryptanalysis</span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke and András Zboray, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fjexpeditions.com/resources/salam/operation_salam.htm">Operation SALAM</a> – László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013</span>

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<li id="cite_note-JP1-02-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JP1-02_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JP1-02_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JP1-02_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JP1-02_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Defense2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a> (12 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108082044/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf">"Joint Publication 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FAS-PSTS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAS-PSTS_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314031126/https://fas.org/irp/program/process/psts.htm">"Precision SIGINT Targeting System (PSTS)"</a>. <i>Intelligence Research Program</i>. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/program/process/psts.htm">the original</a> on 14 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF743d_Military_Intelligence_(MI)_Battalion1999" class="citation web cs1">743d Military Intelligence (MI) Battalion (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814165342/http://www.gordon.army.mil/AC/Fall/Fall%2001/JSCmtrc.htm">"Warfighter Guide to Intelligence 2000"</a>. Joint Spectrum Center, (US) Defense Information Services Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordon.army.mil/AC/Fall/Fall%2001/JSCmtrc.htm">the original</a> on 14 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Kessler-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kessler_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation journal cs1">Kessler, Otto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227075206/http://www.darpa.mil/DARPATech2000/Presentations/tto_pdf/6KesslerDDBB%26WRev1.pdf">"SIGINT Change Detection Approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dynamic Database: Efficiently Convert Massive Quantities of Sensor Data into Actionable Information for Tactical Commanders</i>. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darpa.mil/DARPATech2000/Presentations/tto_pdf/6KesslerDDBB&WRev1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFInteragency_OPSEC_Support_Staff_(IOSS)1996" class="citation web cs1">Interagency OPSEC Support Staff (IOSS) (May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/nsa/ioss/threat96/part03.htm">"Operations Security Intelligence Threat Handbook: Section 2, Intelligence Collection Activities and Disciplines"</a>. IOSS Section 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="James_Bamford" title="James Bamford">Bamford, James</a>, <i>Body of Secrets: How America's NSA and Britain's GCHQ Eavesdrop on the World</i> (Century, London, 2001) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7126-7598-7</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBolton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bolton, Matt (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113200915/http://www.hot.ee/aasa/LPL_1211.pdf">"The Tallinn Cables: A Glimpse into Tallinn's Secret History of Espionage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lonely Planet Magazine</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6526">1758-6526</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hot.ee/aasa/LPL_1211.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBiydHarrisKingWelch1979" class="citation book cs1">Biyd, J. A.; Harris, D. B.; King, D. D. Jr.; Welch, H. W., eds. (1979) [1961]. <i>Electronic Countermeasures</i>. Los Altos, CA: Peninsula. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-932146-00-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGannon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Paul (2007) [2006]. <i>Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret</i>. London: Atlantic Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84354-331-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJõgiaas" class="citation web cs1">Jõgiaas, Aadu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114094618/http://www.okupatsioon.ee/en/lists/47-aadu-jogisoo">"Disturbing Soviet Transmissions in August 1991"</a>. Museum of Occupations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okupatsioon.ee/en/lists/47-aadu-jogisoo">the original</a> on 14 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Nigel_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel West">West, Nigel</a>, <i>The SIGINT Secrets: The Signals Intelligence War, 1900 to Today</i> (William Morrow, New York, 1988)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SIGINT" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:SIGINT">SIGINT</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armysignalocs.com/index_jan_14.html">Part I of IV Articles On Evolution of Army Signal Corps COMINT and SIGINT into NSA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203201852/http://www.armysignalocs.com/index_jan_14.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/what-we-do/signals-intelligence/">NSA's overview of SIGINT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801024348/https://www.nsa.gov/what-we-do/signals-intelligence/">Archived</a> 1 August 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/afpam14-210/part16.htm">USAF Pamphlet on sources of intelligence</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143344/http://fykse.dnsalias.com/radio/dok/german_sigint.pdf">German WWII SIGINT/COMINT</a> (PDF)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/program/index.html">Intelligence Programs and Systems</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaeJNdRySPoC"><i>The U.S. Intelligence Community</i> by Jeffrey T. Richelson</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaR5O4PKNAoC"><i>Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond</i> by Matthew Aid et al.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tscm.com/sigintarchmsh.pdf">Maritime SIGINT Architecture Technical Standards Handbook</a> (PDF)</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Espionage259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Espionage259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Espionage#Agents_in_espionage" title="Espionage">Agents</a></li><li><a href="Asset_(intelligence)" title="Asset (intelligence)">Assets</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agent_handling" title="Agent handling">Agent handling</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">Agent provocateur</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Cooptee" title="Cooptee">Cooptee</a></li>

<li><a href="Cover_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Cover (intelligence gathering)">Cover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Covert_agent" title="Covert agent">Agent</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cutout_(espionage)" title="Cutout (espionage)">Cutout</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_agent" title="Double agent">Double agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabricator_(intelligence)" title="Fabricator (intelligence)">Fabricator</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_agent" title="Field agent">Field agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">Intelligence officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">Resident spy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeper_agent" title="Sleeper agent">Sleeper agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Spymaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Spymaster">Spymaster</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence assessment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses" title="Analysis of competing hypotheses">competing hypotheses</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices and<br>communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burn_notice" title="Burn notice">Burn notice</a></li>

<li><a href="Concealment_device" title="Concealment device">Concealment device</a></li>

<li><a href="Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">Covert listening device</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_espionage" title="Cyber espionage">Cyber espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Invisible_ink" title="Invisible ink">Invisible ink</a></li>

<li><a href="Numbers_station" title="Numbers station">Numbers station</a></li>

<li><a href="One-way_voice_link" title="One-way voice link">One-way voice link</a></li>

<li><a href="Phone_surveillance" title="Phone surveillance">Phone surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Short-range_agent_communications" title="Short-range agent communications">Short-range agent communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microdot" title="Microdot">microdot</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance_tools" title="Surveillance tools">Surveillance tools</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tradecraft" title="Tradecraft">Tradecraft</a> and<br>techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canary_trap" title="Canary trap">Canary trap</a></li>

<li><a href="Front_organization" title="Front organization">Front organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Limited_hangout" title="Limited hangout">Limited hangout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">Chinese espionage in the United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Cold War espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Recruitment_of_spies" title="Recruitment of spies">Recruitment</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">Black operation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black_bag_operation" title="Black bag operation">black bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Wetwork" title="Wetwork">wetwork</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">MASINT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">Industrial espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogation</a></li>

<li><a href="Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe house</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_MINARET" title="Project MINARET">MINARET</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_SHAMROCK" title="Project SHAMROCK">SHAMROCK</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexpionage" title="Sexpionage">Sexpionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li>

<li><a href="Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">Sting operation</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Corporate_surveillance" title="Corporate surveillance">Corporate</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global</a></li>

<li><a href="Targeted_surveillance" title="Targeted surveillance">Targeted surveillance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intelligence_management206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Intelligence_management206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intelligence_collection_management" title="Intelligence collection management">Collection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Human (HUMINT)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Special_Reconnaissance_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Special Reconnaissance organizations">organizations</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Clandestine_human_intelligence" title="Clandestine human intelligence">Clandestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recruitment_of_spies" title="Recruitment of spies">Asset recruiting</a></li>

<li><a href="Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Cell system</a></li>

<li><a href="Clandestine_HUMINT_and_covert_action" title="Clandestine HUMINT and covert action">Covert action</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_action_(military)" title="Direct action (military)">Direct action</a></li>

<li><a href="Clandestine_HUMINT_operational_techniques" title="Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques">Operational techniques</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Espionage#Agents_in_espionage" title="Espionage">Agents</a>

<ul><li><a href="Field_agent" title="Field agent">field</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent_handling" title="Agent handling">handling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asset_(intelligence)" title="Asset (intelligence)">Asset</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">Black operation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black_bag_operation" title="Black bag operation">black bag</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Concealment_device" title="Concealment device">Concealment device</a></li>

<li><a href="Cover_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Cover (intelligence gathering)">Cover</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutout_(espionage)" title="Cutout (espionage)">Cutout</a></li>

<li><a href="Defection" title="Defection">Defection</a> / <a href="Turncoat" title="Turncoat">Turncoat</a></li>

<li><a href="Denial_and_deception" title="Denial and deception">Denial and deception</a></li>

<li><a href="Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li>

<li><a href="False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">Industrial espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogation" title="Interrogation">Interrogation</a></li>

<li><a href="Numbers_station" title="Numbers station">Numbers station</a></li>

<li><a href="One-way_voice_link" title="One-way voice link">One-way voice link</a></li>

<li><a href="Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">Resident spy</a></li>

<li><a href="Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Signals_intelligence_by_alliances%2C_nations_and_industries" title="Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries">By alliances, nations and industries</a></li>

<li><a href="Signals_intelligence_in_modern_history" title="Signals intelligence in modern history">In modern history</a></li>

<li><a href="Signals_intelligence_operational_platforms_by_nation" title="Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation">Operational platforms by nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">Direction finding</a></li>

<li><a href="Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">Traffic analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tempest_(codename)" title="Tempest (codename)">TEMPEST</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">Measurement and<br>signature (MASINT)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electro-optical_MASINT" title="Electro-optical MASINT">Electro-optical</a></li>

<li><a href="Geophysical_MASINT" title="Geophysical MASINT">Geophysical</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_MASINT" title="Nuclear MASINT">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Radar_MASINT" title="Radar MASINT">Radar</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiofrequency_MASINT" title="Radiofrequency MASINT">Radiofrequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Materials_MASINT" title="Materials MASINT">Materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Casualty_estimation" title="Casualty estimation">Casualty estimation</a> (<a href="Earthquake_casualty_estimation" title="Earthquake casualty estimation">earthquake</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial (FININT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial (GEOINT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery (IMINT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">Open-source (OSINT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_intelligence" title="Technical intelligence">Technical (TECHINT)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intelligence_analysis_management" title="Intelligence analysis management">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses" title="Analysis of competing hypotheses">Competing hypotheses</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_cycle_(target-centric_approach)" title="Intelligence cycle (target-centric approach)">Target-centric</a></li>

<li><a href="Words_of_estimative_probability" title="Words of estimative probability">Words of estimative probability</a></li>

<li><a href="All-source_intelligence" title="All-source intelligence">All-source intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Basic_intelligence" title="Basic intelligence">Basic intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_intelligence" title="Medical intelligence">Medical intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_intelligence" title="Technical intelligence">Scientific & Technical intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intelligence_dissemination_management" title="Intelligence dissemination management">Dissemination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intelligence_cycle_security" title="Intelligence cycle security">Intelligence cycle security</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_counterintelligence_organizations" title="List of counterintelligence organizations">organizations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Counter-intelligence_and_counter-terrorism_organizations" title="Counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism organizations">Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies748" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National_intelligence_agencies748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign<br>intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="General_Directorate_of_Intelligence" title="General Directorate of Intelligence">GDI</a></li>

<li>Albania: <a href="SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a></li>

<li>Algeria: <a href="D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">DRS</a></li>

<li>Angola: SIE</li>

<li>Argentina: <a href="Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li>

<li>Armenia: <a href="National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li>

<li>Austria: <a href="Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a></li>

<li>Australia: <a href="Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li>

<li>Azerbaijan: <a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Azerbaijan)">XKX</a></li>

<li>Bahrain: <a href="National_Security_Agency_(Bahrain)" title="National Security Agency (Bahrain)">NSA</a></li>

<li>Bangladesh: <a href="National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li>

<li>Belarus: <a href="State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li>

<li>Belgium: <a href="Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li>

<li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a></li>

<li>Botswana: <a href="Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li>

<li>Brazil: <a href="Brazilian_Intelligence_Agency" title="Brazilian Intelligence Agency">ABIN</a></li>

<li>Brunei: BRD</li>

<li>Bulgaria: <a href="State_Intelligence_Agency_(Bulgaria)" title="State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)">DAR</a></li>

<li>Cameroon: <a href="Brigade_Mixte_Mobile" title="Brigade Mixte Mobile">BMM</a></li>

<li>Canada: <a href="Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li>

<li>Chile: <a href="Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li>

<li>China: <a href="Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li>

<li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li>

<li>Croatia: <a href="Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li>

<li>Czech Republic: <a href="Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ÚZSI</a></li>

<li>Denmark: <a href="Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li>

<li>Djibouti: BSRG</li>

<li>Ecuador: <a href="National_Intelligence_Secretariat_(Ecuador)" title="National Intelligence Secretariat (Ecuador)">SENAIN</a></li>

<li>Egypt: <a href="General_Intelligence_Service_(Egypt)" title="General Intelligence Service (Egypt)">Mukhabarat</a></li>

<li>Estonia: <a href="Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a></li>

<li>Ethiopia: <a href="National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a></li>

<li>Finland: Supo</li>

<li>France: <a href="Directorate-General_for_External_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li>

<li>Gambia: <a href="State_Intelligence_Services_(The_Gambia)" title="State Intelligence Services (The Gambia)">SIS</a></li>

<li>Georgia: <a href="Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a></li>

<li>Germany: <a href="Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li>

<li>Ghana: <a href="Bureau_of_National_Investigations" title="Bureau of National Investigations">BNI</a>, <a href="Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a>, RDU</li>

<li>Greece: <a href="National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li>

<li>Hungary: <a href="Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Információs Hivatal">IH</a></li>

<li>India: <a href="Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li>

<li>Indonesia: <a href="Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li>

<li>Ireland: <a href="Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li>

<li>Israel: <a href="Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li>

<li>Italy: <a href="Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a></li>

<li>Ivory Coast: NSC</li>

<li>Japan: <a href="Cabinet_Intelligence_and_Research_Office" title="Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office">CIRO</a></li>

<li>Jordan: <a href="General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">GID</a></li>

<li>Kazakhstan: <a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a></li>

<li>Kenya: <a href="National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li>

<li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="Kyrgyz_National_Security_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz National Security Service">UKMK</a></li>

<li>Kuwait: KSS</li>

<li>Latvia: SAB</li>

<li>Liberia: <a href="National_Security_Agency_(Liberia)" title="National Security Agency (Liberia)">NSA</a></li>

<li>Lithuania: <a href="State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a></li>

<li>Lebanon: <a href="General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">GDGS</a></li>

<li>Libya: <a href="Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">MJ</a></li>

<li>Malaysia: <a href="Research_Division_of_the_Prime_Minister's_Department" title="Research Division of the Prime Minister's Department">MEIO</a></li>

<li>Mexico: <a href="Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_Nacional_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (México)">CISEN</a></li>

<li>Moldova: <a href="Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li>

<li>Mongolia: <a href="General_Intelligence_Agency_of_Mongolia" title="General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia">GIA</a></li>

<li>Montenegro: <a href="National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a></li>

<li>Morocco: <a href="General_Directorate_of_Studies_and_Documentation" title="General Directorate of Studies and Documentation">DGED</a></li>

<li>Mozambique: SISE</li>

<li>Netherlands: <a href="General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li>

<li>New Zealand: <a href="New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li>

<li>Nigeria: <a href="National_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">NIA</a></li>

<li>North Korea: <a href="Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li>

<li>North Macedonia: ANB</li>

<li>Norway: <a href="Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li>

<li>Oman: <a href="Palace_Office_(Oman)" title="Palace Office (Oman)">Palace Office</a></li>

<li>Pakistan: <a href="Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a></li>

<li>Palestine: <a href="General_Intelligence_Service_(Palestine)" title="General Intelligence Service (Palestine)">GIS</a></li>

<li>Papua New Guinea: <a href="National_Intelligence_Organization_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Papua New Guinea)">NIO</a></li>

<li>Philippines: <a href="National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li>

<li>Poland: <a href="Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a></li>

<li>Portugal: <a href="Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Serviço de Informações Estratégicas de Defesa">SIED</a></li>

<li>Qatar: <a href="Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">QSS</a></li>

<li>Romania: <a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a></li>

<li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">GIP</a></li>

<li>Serbia: <a href="Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li>

<li>Sierra Leone: CISU</li>

<li>Singapore: <a href="Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">SID</a></li>

<li>Slovakia: <a href="Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovenská informačná služba">SIS</a></li>

<li>Slovenia: <a href="Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a></li>

<li>Somalia: <a href="National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li>

<li>South Africa: <a href="State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">SSA</a></li>

<li>South Korea: <a href="National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">NIS</a></li>

<li>Spain: <a href="National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li>

<li>Sri Lanka: <a href="State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li>

<li>Sudan: <a href="General_Intelligence_Service_(Sudan)" title="General Intelligence Service (Sudan)">GIS</a></li>

<li>Sweden: <a href="Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">KSI</a></li>

<li>Switzerland: <a href="Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li>

<li>Syria: <a href="General_Intelligence_Service_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Service (Syria)">GIS</a></li>

<li>Taiwan: <a href="National_Security_Bureau_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Bureau (Republic of China)">NSB</a></li>

<li>Tajikistan: <a href="State_Committee_for_National_Security_(Tajikistan)" title="State Committee for National Security (Tajikistan)">GKNB</a></li>

<li>Tanzania: <a href="Tanzania_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service">TISS</a></li>

<li>Thailand: <a href="National_Intelligence_Agency_(Thailand)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Thailand)">NIA</a></li>

<li>Tunisia: TIA</li>

<li>Turkey: <a href="National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li>

<li>Turkmenistan: <a href="Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">MNS</a></li>

<li>Uganda: <a href="External_Security_Organisation" title="External Security Organisation">ESO</a></li>

<li>Ukraine: <a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a></li>

<li>United Arab Emirates: <a href="Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="MI6" title="MI6">SIS (<i>MI6</i>)</a></li>

<li>United States: <a href="Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li>

<li>Uzbekistan: <a href="National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SSS</a></li>

<li>Vietnam: <a href="General_Department_of_Defence_Intelligence" title="General Department of Defence Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic<br>intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="General_Directorate_of_Intelligence" title="General Directorate of Intelligence">GDI</a></li>

<li>Algeria: <a href="D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">CSS</a></li>

<li>Angola: SINSE</li>

<li>Argentina: <a href="Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li>

<li>Armenia: <a href="National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li>

<li>Australia: <a href="Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li>

<li>Austria: <a href="State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li>

<li>Azerbaijan: <a href="State_Security_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Security Service (Azerbaijan)">DTX</a></li>

<li>Bangladesh: <a href="Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li>

<li>Belarus: <a href="State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li>

<li>Belgium: <a href="State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a></li>

<li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a></li>

<li>Botswana: <a href="Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li>

<li>Brazil: <a href="Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li>

<li>Brunei: <a href="Internal_Security_Department_(Brunei)" title="Internal Security Department (Brunei)">IRD</a></li>

<li>Bulgaria: <a href="State_Agency_for_National_Security" title="State Agency for National Security">DANS</a></li>

<li>Burundi: <a href="National_Intelligence_Service_(Burundi)" title="National Intelligence Service (Burundi)">SNR</a></li>

<li>Canada: <a href="Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li>

<li>Chad: <a href="General_Directorate_of_the_Security_Services_of_State_Institutions" title="General Directorate of the Security Services of State Institutions">DGSSIE</a></li>

<li>Chile: <a href="Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li>

<li>China: <a href="Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li>

<li>Colombia: <a href="National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">DNI</a></li>

<li>Croatia: <a href="Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li>

<li>Czech Republic: <a href="Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a></li>

<li>Denmark: <a href="Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a></li>

<li>Egypt: <a href="National_Security_Agency_(Egypt)" title="National Security Agency (Egypt)">NSA</a></li>

<li>Estonia: <a href="Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a></li>

<li>Finland: <a href="Finnish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Finnish Security and Intelligence Service">SUPO</a></li>

<li>France: <a href="General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">DGSI</a></li>

<li>Georgia: <a href="State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">SSSG</a></li>

<li>Germany: <a href="Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a>, <a href="State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="State Office for the Protection of the Constitution">LfV</a></li>

<li>Ghana: <a href="Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">GPS</a>, CID</li>

<li>Greece: <a href="National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li>

<li>Hong Kong: <a href="National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">NSD</a>, <a href="Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR">CPGNSO</a></li>

<li>Hungary: <a href="Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a></li>

<li>India: <a href="Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">IB</a></li>

<li>Indonesia: <a href="Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw external" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>), <a href="Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li>

<li>Ireland: <a href="Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>, <a href="Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a></li>

<li>Israel: <a href="Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li>

<li>Italy: <a href="Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a></li>

<li>Japan: <a href="National_Police_Agency_Security_Bureau" title="National Police Agency Security Bureau">NPA</a>, <a href="Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department_Public_Security_Bureau" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Public Security Bureau">TMPD PSB</a>, <a href="Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">PSIA</a></li>

<li>Kazakhstan: <a href="National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li>

<li>Kenya: <a href="National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li>

<li>Kosovo: <a href="Kosovo_Intelligence_Agency" title="Kosovo Intelligence Agency">AKI</a></li>

<li>Latvia: <a href="State_Security_Service_(Latvia)" title="State Security Service (Latvia)">VDD</a></li>

<li>Lithuania: <a href="Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a></li>

<li>Lebanon: <a href="Information_Branch" title="Information Branch">ISF IB</a>, <a href="Lebanese_State_Security" title="Lebanese State Security">LSS</a></li>

<li>Luxembourg: <a href="Service_de_Renseignement_de_l'%C3%89tat" title="Service de Renseignement de l'État">SREL</a></li>

<li>Macau: DS</li>

<li>Malaysia: <a href="Malaysian_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Special Branch">SB</a></li>

<li>Moldova: <a href="Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li>

<li>Morocco: <a href="General_Directorate_for_Territorial_Surveillance" title="General Directorate for Territorial Surveillance">DGST</a></li>

<li>Netherlands: <a href="National_Coordinator_for_Security_and_Counterterrorism" title="National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism">NCTV</a></li>

<li>New Zealand: <a href="New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li>

<li>Nigeria: <a href="State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">SSS</a></li>

<li>North Korea: <a href="Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">SSD</a></li>

<li>North Macedonia: <a href="Intelligence_Agency_of_North_Macedonia" title="Intelligence Agency of North Macedonia">IA</a></li>

<li>Norway: <a href="Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a></li>

<li>Pakistan: <a href="Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li>

<li>Palestine: <a href="Palestinian_Preventive_Security" title="Palestinian Preventive Security">PPS</a></li>

<li>Paraguay: SNI</li>

<li>Philippines: <a href="National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li>

<li>Poland: <a href="Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Ochrony Państwa">SOP</a>, <a href="Stra%C5%BC_Marsza%C5%82kowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Straż Marszałkowska">SM</a></li>

<li>Portugal: <a href="Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço de Informações de Segurança">SIS</a></li>

<li>Romania: <a href="Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li>

<li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith</a></li>

<li>Serbia: <a href="Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li>

<li>Singapore: <a href="Internal_Security_Department_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Department (Singapore)">ISD</a></li>

<li>Somalia: <a href="National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li>

<li>South Africa: <a href="Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li>

<li>South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, <a href="National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">KNPA</a></li>

<li>Spain: <a href="Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a></li>

<li>Sri Lanka: <a href="State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li>

<li>Sweden: <a href="Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SÄPO</a></li>

<li>Switzerland: <a href="Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li>

<li>Syria: <a href="General_Intelligence_Service_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Service (Syria)">GIS</a></li>

<li>Taiwan: <a href="Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">MJIB</a></li>

<li>Thailand: <a href="Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">ISOC</a>, <a href="Special_Branch_Bureau" title="Special Branch Bureau">SB</a></li>

<li>Turkey: <a href="National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a>, İB</li>

<li>Uganda: <a href="Internal_Security_Organisation" title="Internal Security Organisation">ISO</a></li>

<li>Ukraine: <a href="Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="MI5" title="MI5">Security Service (<i>MI5</i>)</a>, <a href="National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a></li>

<li>United States: <a href="DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">I&A (DHS)</a>, <a href="United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement#Homeland_Security_Investigations_(HSI)" title="United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ID (HSI)</a>, <a href="FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">IB (FBI)</a>, <a href="DEA_Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence" title="DEA Office of National Security Intelligence">ONSI (DEA)</a>, <a href="Bureau_of_Alcohol%2C_Tobacco%2C_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">OSII (ATF)</a></li>

<li>Uzbekistan: <a href="National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li>

<li>Venezuela: <a href="Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">SEBIN</a></li>

<li>Vietnam: TC5 (<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o,_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_an_(Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam)" class="extiw external" title="vi:Tổng cục Tình báo, Bộ Công an (Việt Nam)">vi</a>)</li>

<li>Zimbabwe: <a href="Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">CIO</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military<br>intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Algeria: DCSA</li>

<li>Angola: SIM</li>

<li>Australia: <a href="Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li>

<li>Austria: <a href="Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a></li>

<li>Bangladesh: <a href="Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li>

<li>Belarus: GRU MO RB</li>

<li>Belgium: <a href="Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li>

<li>Brazil: DIE</li>

<li>Canada: <a href="Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li>

<li>Chad: <a href="General_Directorate_of_the_Security_Services_of_State_Institutions" title="General Directorate of the Security Services of State Institutions">DGSSIE</a></li>

<li>China: <a href="Intelligence_Bureau_of_the_Joint_Staff_Department" title="Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department">CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau</a></li>

<li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="DEMIAP" title="DEMIAP">DEMIAP</a></li>

<li>Croatia: <a href="Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a></li>

<li>Czech Republic: <a href="Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a></li>

<li>Denmark: <a href="Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li>

<li>Egypt: <a href="Military_Intelligence_and_Reconnaissance_(Egypt)" title="Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)">DMISR</a></li>

<li>Finland: <a href="Intelligence_Division_(Finland)" title="Intelligence Division (Finland)">PE TIEDOS</a></li>

<li>France: <a href="Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="Directorate-General_for_External_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li>

<li>Germany: <a href="Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Germany)">MAD</a></li>

<li>Ghana: MIU</li>

<li>Hungary: KNBSZ</li>

<li>Iran: General Staff, <a href="Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">SAHEFAJA</a>, <a href="Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">SAHEFASA</a>, SAHEFAVEDJA</li>

<li>India: <a href="Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(India)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)">DMI</a>, <a href="Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">DIA</a></li>

<li>Indonesia: <a href="Indonesian_Strategic_Intelligence_Agency" title="Indonesian Strategic Intelligence Agency">BAIS TNI</a>, <a href="Indonesian_Army_Intelligence_Centre" title="Indonesian Army Intelligence Centre">Pusintelad</a></li>

<li>Ireland: <a href="Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li>

<li>Israel: <a href="Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li>

<li>Italy: <a href="Centro_Intelligence_Interforze" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze">CII</a></li>

<li>Japan: <a href="Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li>

<li>Kazakhstan: <a href="National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li>

<li>Lithuania: <a href="Second_Investigation_Department" title="Second Investigation Department">AOTD</a></li>

<li>Malaysia: <a href="Malaysian_Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li>

<li>Maldives: <a href="Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">MNDF</a></li>

<li>Morocco: <a href="Deuxi%C3%A8me_Bureau_(Morocco)" title="Deuxième Bureau (Morocco)">DB</a></li>

<li>Myanmar: <a href="Military_intelligence_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence of Myanmar">Sa Ya Pa</a></li>

<li>Netherlands: <a href="Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a></li>

<li>New Zealand: <a href="Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li>

<li>Nigeria: <a href="Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">DIA</a></li>

<li>North Korea: <a href="Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li>

<li>North Macedonia: <a href="Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a></li>

<li>Norway: <a href="Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li>

<li>Pakistan: <a href="Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">NI</a>, <a href="Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">AI</a></li>

<li>Palestine: <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86)" class="extiw external" title="ar:الاستخبارات العسكرية (فلسطين)">MIS</a></li>

<li>Philippines: <a href="Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines#AFP-wide_service_support_and_separate_units" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">ISAFP</a></li>

<li>Poland: <a href="S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, SWW</li>

<li>Portugal: <a href="CISMIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a></li>

<li>Romania: <a href="Direc%C5%A3ia_General%C4%83_de_Informa%C5%A3ii_a_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Direcţia Generală de Informaţii a Apărării">DGIA</a></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a></li>

<li>Saudi Arabia: AFISC</li>

<li>Serbia: <a href="Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a>, <a href="Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a></li>

<li>Singapore: <a href="Military_Intelligence_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Organisation">MIO</a></li>

<li>Slovakia: <a href="Vojensk%C3%A9_spravodajstvo" title="Vojenské spravodajstvo">VS</a></li>

<li>Slovenia: <a href="Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a></li>

<li>South Africa: <a href="Defence_Intelligence_Division_(SANDF)" title="Defence Intelligence Division (SANDF)">SANDF-ID</a></li>

<li>South Korea: <a href="Defense_Intelligence_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="Defense Intelligence Agency (South Korea)">DIA</a>, <a href="Defense_Counterintelligence_Command" title="Defense Counterintelligence Command">DCC</a></li>

<li>Spain: <a href="Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">CIFAS</a></li>

<li>Sri Lanka: <a href="Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">DMI</a></li>

<li>Sweden: <a href="Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a></li>

<li>Switzerland: <a href="Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a>, <a href="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst">LWND</a></li>

<li>Syria: <a href="Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a>, <a href="Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">AFID</a></li>

<li>Taiwan: <a href="Military_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Military Intelligence Bureau">MIB</a></li>

<li>Thailand: AFSC</li>

<li>Turkey: <a href="Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay İstihbarat Daire Başkanlığı">GENKUR İ.D.B.</a></li>

<li>Ukraine: <a href="Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">HUR MO</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li>

<li>United States: <a href="Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a>

<li><a href="United_States_Air_Force_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Intelligence">USAFI</a></li>

<li>Venezuela: <a href="Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Contrainteligencia_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar">DGCIM</a></li>

<li>Vietnam: <a href="General_Department_of_Defence_Intelligence" title="General Department of Defence Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Australia: <a href="Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li>

<li>Bangladesh: <a href="National_Telecommunication_Monitoring_Centre" title="National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre">NTMC</a></li>

<li>Brazil: <a href="Subchefia_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_do_Estado-Maior_de_Defesa" title="Subchefia de Inteligência do Estado-Maior de Defesa">2ª Sch/EMD</a></li>

<li>Canada: <a href="Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li>

<li>China: <a href="Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">SIGINT</a></li>

<li>Croatia: <a href="Operational_Technology_Centre_for_the_Surveillance_of_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Technology Centre for the Surveillance of Telecommunications">OTC</a></li>

<li>Ethiopia: <a href="Information_Network_Security_Agency" title="Information Network Security Agency">INSA</a></li>

<li>Finland: <a href="Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li>

<li>France: <a href="Directorate-General_for_External_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>, <a href="DRSD" title="DRSD">DRSD</a></li>

<li>Germany: <a href="Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li>

<li>Ghana: RDU</li>

<li>India: <a href="Joint_Cipher_Bureau" title="Joint Cipher Bureau">JCB</a>, <a href="National_Technical_Research_Organisation" title="National Technical Research Organisation">NTRO</a></li>

<li>Indonesia: <a href="National_Cyber_And_Crypto_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cyber And Crypto Agency">BSSN</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Siber_dan_Sandi_Negara" class="extiw external" title="id:Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara">id</a>)</li>

<li>Ireland: <a href="Communications_and_Information_Services_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications and Information Services Corps">CIS</a></li>

<li>Israel: <a href="Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">8200</a></li>

<li>Japan: <a href="Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li>

<li>Kazakhstan: <a href="National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li>

<li>Netherlands: <a href="Nationale_SIGINT_Organisatie" title="Nationale SIGINT Organisatie">NSO</a>, <a href="Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a></li>

<li>New Zealand: <a href="Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li>

<li>North Korea: <a href="Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li>

<li>Norway: <a href="National_Security_Authority_(Norway)" title="National Security Authority (Norway)">NSM</a></li>

<li>Pakistan: <a href="Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">JSIB</a></li>

<li>Poland: <a href="Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, SWW, NCBC, <a href="3rd_Ship_Flotilla#Sub-Units" title="3rd Ship Flotilla">gOR 3.FO</a>, CRiWWRE, 2.ORel, 6.ORel, JW NIL</li>

<li>Romania: <a href="Serviciul_de_Telecomunica%C8%9Bii_Speciale" title="Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale">STS</a></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia"><i>Spetssvyaz</i></a></li>

<li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="Presidency_of_State_Security" title="Presidency of State Security">PSS</a></li>

<li>South Africa: <a href="Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li>

<li>Spain: <a href="National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">CCN</a></li>

<li>Sweden: <a href="National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a></li>

<li>Switzerland: <a href="Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li>

<li>Syria: <a href="Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a></li>

<li>Turkey: <a href="Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal İstihbaratı Başkanlığı">MİT-SİB</a></li>

<li>Ukraine: <a href="Derzhspetszviazok" class="mw-redirect" title="Derzhspetszviazok">Derzhspetszviazok</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li>

<li>United States: <a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery<br>intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Australia: <a href="Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li>

<li>Finland: <a href="Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li>

<li>India: <a href="Directorate_of_Air_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Air Intelligence">DAI</a></li>

<li>Indonesia: <a href="Badan_Informasi_Geospasial" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Informasi Geospasial">BIG</a></li>

<li>Israel: <a href="Air_Intelligence_Group" title="Air Intelligence Group">Air Intelligence Group</a></li>

<li>Malaysia: MaCGDI</li>

<li>New Zealand: <a href="New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies#Other_organisations" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT NZ</a></li>

<li>Poland: <a href="Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, SWW, ORO, <a href="12th_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Base" title="12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base">12.BBSP</a>, JW NIL</li>

<li>Pakistan: <a href="Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a></li>

<li>Philippines: <a href="National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency#NMARSC" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NMARSC</a></li>

<li>Portugal: <a href="Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">CIGeoE</a></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">TsVTI GRU</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li>

<li>United States: <a href="National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial<br>intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Argentina: <a href="Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Argentina)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Argentina)">UIF</a></li>

<li>Australia: <a href="Australian_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Centre" title="Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre">AUSTRAC</a></li>

<li>Azerbaijan: <a href="Financial_Monitoring_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Monitoring Service (Azerbaijan)">MMX</a></li>

<li>Bangladesh: <a href="Bangladesh_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li>

<li>Brazil: <a href="Council_for_Financial_Activities_Control" title="Council for Financial Activities Control">COAF</a></li>

<li>Canada: <a href="Financial_Transactions_and_Reports_Analysis_Centre_of_Canada" title="Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada">FINTRAC</a></li>

<li>China: MPSECIB</li>

<li>France: <a href="Tracfin" title="Tracfin">Tracfin</a>, <a href="Direction_Nationale_du_Renseignement_et_des_Enqu%C3%AAtes_Douani%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction Nationale du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières">DNRED</a></li>

<li>Iceland: <a href="Skattranns%C3%B3knarstj%C3%B3ri_R%C3%ADkisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattrannsóknarstjóri Ríkisins">SR</a></li>

<li>India: <a href="Central_Economic_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Central Economic Intelligence Bureau">CEIB</a></li>

<li>Indonesia: <a href="Indonesian_Financial_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Center" title="Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center">PPATK</a></li>

<li>Ireland: <a href="Garda_National_Economic_Crime_Bureau" title="Garda National Economic Crime Bureau">GNECB</a></li>

<li>Italy: UIF</li>

<li>Lithuania (<a href="Financial_Crime_Investigation_Service" title="Financial Crime Investigation Service">FNTT</a>)</li>

<li>Malta: <a href="Financial_Intelligence_Analysis_Unit" title="Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit">FIAU</a></li>

<li>Mexico: <a href="Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Mexico)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Mexico)">UIF</a></li>

<li>Netherlands: <a href="Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">FIOD</a></li>

<li>Poland: GIIF, <a href="Tax_and_Customs_Service_(Poland)" title="Tax and Customs Service (Poland)">SCS</a>, <a href="Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">CBA</a></li>

<li>Qatar: <a href="Qatar_Financial_Information_Unit" title="Qatar Financial Information Unit">FIU</a></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Rosfinmonitoring</a></li>

<li>Saudi Arabia: GDOFI</li>

<li>Spain: <a href="Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">SVA</a>, <a href="SEPBLAC" title="SEPBLAC">SEPBLAC</a></li>

<li>Turkey: <a href="Financial_Crimes_Investigation_Board_(Turkey)" title="Financial Crimes Investigation Board (Turkey)">MASAK</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li>

<li>United States: <a href="IRS_Criminal_Investigation" title="IRS Criminal Investigation">IRS-CI</a>, <a href="Office_of_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">TFI</a>

<ul><li><a href="Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li>

<li>Vatican: <a href="Supervisory_and_Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervisory and Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">ASIF</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal<br>intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Argentina: <a href="Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Inteligencia_Criminal" title="Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal">DNIC</a></li>

<li>Australia: <a href="Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">ACIC</a></li>

<li>Bangladesh: <a href="Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li>

<li>Canada: <a href="Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">CISC</a></li>

<li>Finland: <a href="National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">NBI</a></li>

<li>India: <a href="Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a></li>

<li>Italy: <a href="Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">DIA</a>, <a href="Divisione_Investigazioni_Generali_e_Operazioni_Speciali" title="Divisione Investigazioni Generali e Operazioni Speciali">DIGOS</a></li>

<li>Philippines: <a href="National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="Philippine_National_Police#Operational_units" title="Philippine National Police">PNP-IG</a></li>

<li>Poland: <a href="National_Police_Headquarters_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Headquarters (Poland)">BWiIK KGP</a>, <a href="Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">CBŚP</a>, <a href="Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">ZOŚ KGSG</a>, <a href="Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">ZK KGŻW</a></li>

<li>Romania: <a href="Direc%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_de_Protec%C8%9Bie_Intern%C4%83" title="Direcția Generală de Protecție Internă"> DGPI</a></li>

<li>South Africa: <a href="Crime_Intelligence_Division" title="Crime Intelligence Division">Crime Intelligence Division</a></li>

<li>Spain: <a href="General_Commissariat_of_Information" title="General Commissariat of Information">CGI</a>, <a href="Civil_Guard_Information_Service" title="Civil Guard Information Service">SIGC</a>, <a href="General_Commissariat_of_Judiciary_Police" title="General Commissariat of Judiciary Police">CGPJ</a>, <a href="Central_Operative_Unit" title="Central Operative Unit">UCO</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li>

<li>United States: <a href="FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">IB (FBI)</a>, <a href="DEA_Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence" title="DEA Office of National Security Intelligence">ONSI (DEA)</a>, <a href="Bureau_of_Alcohol%2C_Tobacco%2C_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">OSII (ATF)</a>, <a href="United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement#Homeland_Security_Investigations_(HSI)" title="United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ID (HSI)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence<br>community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joint_Intelligence_Group" title="Joint Intelligence Group">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_France" title="List of intelligence agencies of France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence<br>alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximator_(intelligence_alliance)" title="Maximator (intelligence alliance)">Maximator</a></li>

<li><a href="Egmont_Group_of_Financial_Intelligence_Units" title="Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units">Egmont Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br> agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>: <a href="OVRA" title="OVRA">OVRA</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi Libya</a>: <a href="Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>: <a href="Special_Higher_Police" title="Special Higher Police">Tokko</a></li>

<li><a href="Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>: <a href="Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a>, <a href="Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</a>, Western Depot, Internal Depot</li>

<li><a href="Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>: <a href="Prussian_Secret_Police" title="Prussian Secret Police">Prussian Secret Police</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>: <a href="Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">NBIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>: <a href="Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, <a href="Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">DMI</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a>: Jessfield 76</li>

<li><a href="Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="Counterintelligence_Service_(Yugoslavia)" title="Counterintelligence Service (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a> (<a href="List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a>)</li>

<li><a href="News_leak" title="News leak">Leaks</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Diplomatic cable leaks</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA leaks</a></li>

<li><a href="Vault_7" title="Vault 7">CIA leaks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Security_agency" title="Security agency">Security agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Surveillance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li>

<li><a href="Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li>

<li><a href="Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li>

<li><a href="ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li>

<li><a href="PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li>

<li><a href="Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence (NSA programme)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Border guard</li>

<li>Coast guard</li>

<li>Customs</li>

<li>Law enforcement agency

<ul><li>Types</li></ul></li>

<li>Intelligence agency</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Signals_intelligence&oldid=1304824627">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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